Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay

Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay Rescue (2006) reports the RLT model depends on what is considered as twelve exercises of living. The model establishes that physical/organic, mental, sociocultural, ecological and politicoeconomical factors all impact the manner by which an individual plays out these exercises of living (Salvage, 2006). Healy and Timmins (2003) further include that exercises of living are one of five primary segments that are totally interconnected. Movement along the life expectancy, the reliance/freedom continuum, factors impacting the exercises of living and the uniqueness in living finishing the last four segments. They express the model is one that centers around the patient as an individual occupied with living all through a life expectancy and moving from reliance to autonomy as indicated by age, conditions and condition (Healy Timmins, 2003, p. 792). Healy and Timmins (2003) distinguish the model is utilized to recognize a patients capacities in every one of the twelve exercises of living and utilize this information as a manual for build up an individualized consideration plan. Meleis (2012) characterizes Orems system as one that recognizes patients needs and the subsequent nursing intercession important to improve self-care. Johnson and Webber (2010) clarify Orems Model has three interrelated ideas hypothesis of self-care, hypothesis of self-care deficiency and hypothesis of nursing frameworks. As indicated by Orem, individuals require help when their capacity to meet their own self-care needs becomes bargained (Horan, 2004). Orem recognizes three classes of self-care basic to all individuals, accepting when an individual can't address these issues a self-care shortage happens (Berman et al, 2012; Fitzpatrick Whall, 2005). Orems model evaluates a patients self-care capacity to decide the deficiency in meeting their own consideration. When the deficiency is built up, one of five strategies can be executed to meet the patients self-care needs. Contingent upon the patients capacities to play out their own self-care, one of three nursing frameworks is used to address the issues of the patient (Berman et al, 2012). Attendants have an obligation to consider legitimate and moral issues that should be utilized when performing wellbeing appraisals. Legitimate issues, as per Berman et al (2012) incorporate assent, secrecy, obligation of care and carelessness while moral issues incorporate non-wrathfulness, advantage, regard for self-governance and equity. Also called the four standards of bioethics (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 88). The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council [ANMC] have created codes and rules that are a base standard of training that a medical caretaker is required to keep up. When performing wellbeing appraisals medical caretakers must perform inside their extent of training which depends on instruction, information, competency, degree of experience and legitimate power (ANMC, 2008). Atkins, Britton and de Lacey (2011) recognize the situation of intensity a medical attendant holds over a patient as a result of their powerlessness to meet certain self-care needs and their dependence on the help of an attendant. They depict the relationship that exists among medical caretaker and patient as a guardian relationship (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 82). Key to this relationship is collaboration with the patient, with him/her a functioning individual from the dynamic procedure (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011). It is perceived that the attendant has specialized information and master guidance anyway needs adequate information and authority over a patients life. In this manner the medical attendant comes up short on the aptitude to settle on noteworthy choices without the patients assent. A patient must agree to any wellbeing appraisal being performed, be that as it may, the medical attendant initially should give adequate and important data about the evaluation bein g attempted. Any system executed in the nursing condition will consistently accompany qualities and constraints. While not rehearsing the Self-Care Model as Orem bundled it, Johnson and Webber (2010) state attendants have grasped the rationale of self-care as helpful. This has brought about them centering their consideration centered towards helping patients meet their self-care needs as opposed to playing out these for them. This advances tolerant freedom and boosts nursing asset. Medical attendants have incorporated standards of the model into assorted practice settings including various societies and the world. Horan (2004) introduced the utilization of Orems model in the field of scholarly incapacity and at first accepted the model was too intricate for fruitful application in this field. His view changed when he saw the advantage the model gave to oblige people, with absolute consideration for one patient or just instruction and backing for another. Meleis (2012) features the versality of the model with its utilization in preoperative and postoperative consideration, mental, palliative and HIV persistent consideration, extending from geriatric patients to young people and kids. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) recognize the model is pertinent, noticing its execution in numerous medicinal services organizations. Ths proposing the model is adaptable and versatile to frame an individual consideration plan that will meet a variety of patient needs. Orems model gives a structure to intercession and in her own words states self-care deficiency hypothesis of nursing will fit into any nursing circums tance since it is a general hypothesis, that is, a clarification of what is basic to all nursing circumstances, not only a clarification of an individual circumstance (Meleis, 2012, p. 208). Independent of these qualities, Johnson and Webber (2010) trust Orems model is nitty gritty and troubled with convoluted language. Meleis (2012) bolsters their thought, recommending the model is uncertain, needs lucidity and can bring about distortion. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) express the hypothesis can be seen as socially one-sided because of the reality it depends on standards, for example, self-sufficiency, self-determinism and independence. Rules that are not received in all societies. Orems model tends to how nursing activities capacity to improve wellbeing in this way being a significant instrument in the lives of those whose capacity to self-care is impeded. Be that as it may, Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) contend it may not have a similar effect in wellbeing avoidance care and advancing wellbeing. They guarantee its attention on self-care deficiencies coming about because of medical issues avoids a wellbeing advancement center. Meleis (2012) underpins this case inferring that as nursing movements to greater network center, the model should be enhanced with center around wellbeing avoidance and advancement care. Johnson and Webber (2010) recognize that nursing would profit by standards from a scope of systems to upgrade all encompassing evaluation instead of constraining its training to the limits of one single structure. This exposition has talked about RLT Model of Nursing and Orems Self-Care Model as medicinal services systems that can be utilized when gathering heath appraisal information. It plot lawful and moral issues supporting the medical attendant patient relationship and how these must direct any association with the patient when leading wellbeing evaluation. At last, it focused on the qualities and shortcomings when utilizing Orems Self-Care Model, proof indicating while there are confinements to the model, there are traits that make it significant. While the clearness of the model appeared to be sketchy because of language utilized, the capacity the model needs to provide food for patients with changing limits demonstrated it adaptable and versatile, empowering and advancing patient freedom.

Othello William Shakespeare Essay

* William Shakespeare made one of his most celebrated plays Othello to research in a compelling way the persistent issues of racial separation and sex equility. In light of the story ‘Un Capitano Moro’ (The Moorish Captain) by Giovanni Cinthio, Othello was composed during the age of 1603. Because of the activities of Othello, amidst a little cast, there is an investigation of sexual envy, and accordingly this play has earned a title of a household disaster. * In this, the last scene delineates how the disastrous legend Othello submits to his hopeless imperfection and arrives at his suspension. The predictable closure is purifying for the crowd to encounter purge, as they experience an enthusiastic sentiment of anxiety and pity. Shakespeare shows how he can separate an individual’s character in the perpetual progressive system of his general public. * This was accomplished through the Turkish attack in Cyprus where the Venetians battled only for national personality. Interwoven in the play, the Machiavellian character of Iago carries a specific ascent to disarray and hazy spots out all the lines among appearance and reality. Saying this, by Shakespeare’s extreme utilization of language, the enthusiastic drawing in conclusive scene, brings back a specific request; offering light to issues of truth, race and female resistance and characterizing the focal hero. Setting: * Written somewhere in the range of 1601 and 1604, Othello’s setting is based around the times of the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages of English history. Between the two unique time frames, the Renaissance belief systems are incredibly enveloped. These belief systems are that of a social development happening all through Europe in the fourteenth to the seventeenth hundreds of years. In the essence of this period, a profound comprehension of characters and issues in Othello may maybe be achieved from the underlying activities of the play, being set in one of the premier urban areas of the Italian Renaissance. In addition, this period additionally carried with it the Protestant Reformation which was started by Martin Luther which saw the refusal of medieval Christian qualities. The Protestant religious philosophy accepted that God’s divine arrangement of sane and good rationale was consistent all through society; one which created in the unchallengeable chain of command. * The Chain of Being was the explanation behind such request whereby it consign all creatures to ones legitimate spot and reason known to man. To save such an amicability, individuals needed to create reason and insight to administer their feelings. In contrast to such exacting exhibit, the Renaissance likewise offered ascend to Humanism. Pico Della Mirandola here pronounced that â€Å"one could become as low as a creature or through insight and creative mind become equal to God, at any rate in understanding†1, which I accept may have formed Shakespeare’s conventional deduction in Othello. * The determination of utilizing a dark terrible legend was for sure dubious, and moreover those â€Å"Blackamoors† in Shakespeare’s past shows were doubtlessly devilish. This is exemplified through Aaron in Titus Andronicus where this show shouted ‘If one great deed in for my entire life I did, I do apologize it to my very soul’(Act 5, Scene 3). Because of the contention with Spain during the Elizabethan time frame, Blackamoors showed up in England and were decreased to hirelings or slaves. Consequently clearly the crowd of the period would have seen Othello’s unrivaled military situation as a serve defiance to regular request. * Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that the significance of race in Othello, it is fundamental that the crowd perceives that the play is made principally for the worry with class and subjection as opposed to mighty prejudice. The chronicled and topographical setting additionally plays a significant impact in carrying different measures of imagery to the play. Venice was viewed as a locus of Christian civilisation, reasonable request, culture and success. It was likewise connected with harming as it was the origination of Niccolo Machiavelli. In addition, the city was at the bleeding edge of the fight, between the Christians and the Turks; who were viewed as malignant, uncouth unbelievers. * The contention was move to the island of Cyprus in 1570 which was a spot confined from civilisation and aligned with Aphrodite, the goddess of adoration and accordingly regarded a position of wild fascination. In this manner we can perceive how this setting can show Othello’s internal clash and polarity of characters; between the cultivated and the boorish, the Christian and the Pagan, the great and the malevolence inside himself. Subject 1: Women * According to the time that the play was written in and the general chain of command inside Venetian culture men hold all the force and ladies are viewed as of low keenness. However the ladies talk the most sense all through the play and it is additionally the ladies that can confide in different characters in the play. Every lady speaks to an alternate social level, Desdemona being the most noteworthy and Bianca being of the least. Each sexual relationship in the play incites some envy between the couple. * Bianca doesn't show up in the play as much as the other female characters yet her essence is vital to the passing of Desdemona just as other play subjects. Iago regularly alludes to her as a whore, â€Å"A house spouse that by selling her wants, Buys herself bread and clothes†. She has begun to look all starry eyed at Cassio, yet he doesn't discuss his returned fondness for her because of his longing for status, and her social standing would influence this significantly. She is the envious accomplice in this relationship and communicates this when Cassio produces Desdemona’s hanky, which Iago has planted in Cassio’s room. * As Iago’s spouse and Desdemona’s woman in holding up Emilia helps interface Iago’s plan. It was she whom provided the Desdemona’s cloth for Iago. This assists Iago with misshaping Othello’s sees about Desdemona’s constancy. It is intriguing that she doesn't address Iago an excessive amount of when she gives him the cloth, it could be viewed as this shows female capacity to trust in the play. Anyway she likewise stays oblivious of the whole plot until the end, when her life arrives at a sudden closure, on account of her significant other, Iago. She regularly neglected to think before saying and playing out some activity. This, absent a lot of thought, reveals her husband’s plan, however she neglects to think about the ramifications for herself. This is altogether different to her significant other, who appears to design out each word so as to get the correct reaction. It is obvious this is a serious troubled marriage, made more clear through their different characters. She has numerous noteworthy characteristics, for example, her trustworthiness notwithstanding her unwaveringness towards Desdemona. Iago doesn't treat her like his significant other until he requires something; this shows this marriage was absolutely one so as to pick up status among wharfs. * Throughout the play Desdemona is an image of honesty and weakness. Anyway on first experience with her she seems, by all accounts, to be adult and very discerning of occasions around her. Iago regularly reveals to Othello that she is unfaithful. It appears that she will not acknowledge what's going on. Her perspectives are fair-minded. She tends to be thoughtful towards different people’s circumstances, as Cassio. This likewise further roused Othello’s desire when Iago called attention to they were talking in protection. She frequently focuses on different people groups contemplations yet stays skeptical in the event that they vary to her own. She has a dependability to her spouses in all parts of life, regardless of whether it is mental or physical. On the off chance that Desdemona had been a passionate void, at that point Iago would not have prevailing in his arrangement. This would have implied that she would not have misled Othello about losing the tissue, which she did as such as not to offend him. Anyway Othello considers this to be an endeavor to hoodwink him and cover the supposed truth about her issue with Cassio. Indeed, even her last words, demonstrate that she accuses her passing for herself, and not her desirous spouse. * Othello was to be sure a catastrophe, in which out of the three ladies that are presented, just one endure. In spite of the fact that the ladies were all discerning in thought and believing, their trust was frequently lost, in courteous fellows like Iago. Just as this paying little mind to their astuteness and examination of occasions around them (now and again) this was insufficient for them to ascend in the public eye, as ladies had no supposition in the hour of the play. In spite of the fact that Shakespeare embraced numerous advanced thoughts, he didn't do this for a current society, as it would not have permitted such huge numbers of occasions to happen, and it would not have been viewed as practical by the review open. Topic 2: Appearance versus Reality. * When we can see the shrouded truth in the end scene of Othello, the particular fight among appearance and the truth is closed, giving an away from to the comprehension of the considerable number of characters and issues of the play. Eminently, creations of Othello during the Elizabethan age would have utilized a white on-screen character as the hero, and veiled their skin with dark cosmetics. * This at last underlines the colossal distinction between outer appearances and the interior reality, whereby the conspicuous untruthfulness of the white Iago is compared with an in a general sense noble dark Othello. This is additionally advanced by the lines of the Duke in Act 1, who affirms that ‘If temperance no enchanted magnificence come up short on/Your child in-law is unmistakably more reasonable than black’. * Iago can unmistakably personality the extortion of appearances; as additionally he is the well on the way to lie, he increases a trust from all characters in the play which closes as being deadly to Othello. Iago further says ‘I am not what I am’, as he can put on a phony genuineness in the public eye and just recounts his evil in talk with the crowd. * Thus devilishness permits Iago to influence the considering Othello

Education and Best Teacher

First away I was 7 years of age when my family had an excursion in my moms region, Zebu. It was in December when we go there. We observe Christmas all together and family members. It was fun, since it's my first time to meet my family members there. Likewise there we commend my birthday simultaneously New year. I encountered a great deal in Zebu, I ride a pony, dairy animals and different animals in my Loll's homestead which is one of the critical minutes in all my years. I portray Zebu as great, the spot as well as the individuals out there. B. Stories that you can't overlook (3) .The account of resting excellence. It's the tale of a princess who was sleeping and what might makes the princess conscious is a man who might kiss her. 2. The tale of Juan Tama. It's the account of a man who was apathetic. Rather than picking a natural product he Just hold up until it fall. 3. The tale of turtle and bunny. It's the tale of a bunny who was certain that he was going to win in the race again st the turtle and he Just rest until he notice that the turtle is in the end goal and won. C. First educator and first exercise My first instructor was my mom, she show me various exercises when I was young.She shown me how to compose, how to shading, how to move, how to sing, how to make a things with the utilization of earth and some more. In any case, the significant exercise that she educated to me is to how to bargain well to other people. She says that it is significant that you have a regard to your individual individuals with the goal that they can regard you consequently. D. First day of school Its been a 12 years when I began to go to class, that is the reason I don't recall what befall me that time. Also, I approached my mom who was there for me in my first day of school. I was concentrating in pre-school in Mahogany Day Care Center.My different says that I don't cry in my first day of school due to two reasons. To begin with, my mom don't leave me until the class end and Second, my straddles who named Karen is my schoolmates that is the reason she says that I was making the most of my days in schools. E. First Award Positive As far as I recollect that, I got my first honor when I was concentrating in pre-school. There I got a respect which is top and the respect of best in Math. I'm so cheerful when I got that grant that is the reason my mom arranged a few nourishments to praise my honor. Negative My first honor that I can say that it's a negative is the point at which I was in second year high school.Although I get a top my companion who expected to be my straddles is going to move in other school. Sick. The most remarkable occasions throughout your life A. Positive/Good 1. One of the life-changing occasions throughout my life was the point at which I was in basic. I get a respect when I was in grade one, I got a best in math. It was important in light of the fact that I was before my kindred understudies holding the award and the lace. 2. One of the life-changing occasions throughout my life was the point at which we observe Christmas and New year in Cavity with my Toto and TIA. I was exceptionally glad since it was my first time to observe Christmas and New year in other place.It become critical on the grounds that we did a great deal to had a great time. 3. At the point when I was in secondary school I get a great deal of grants like, best in math, best in science, top, top and top. Im so glad since I did it with my own hardwood. It became essential since I was in stage before all the understudies when I get the honors. B. Negative/Bad 1. At the point when I was in third year secondary school, I was a respect understudy I get a top toward the year's end, that is the reason I went to top segment when I was in fourth year. Despite the fact that in the others it is a bravo it was terrible in light of the fact that my schoolmates in third year isn't the name cohorts I have in fourth year. . At the point when I was in first ye ar school. Our PEE is moving, and moving isn't my obsession, that is the reason in each time we move IM so baffled and simultaneously modest. 3. At the point when I was in grade school, I strolling in the corridor and out of nowhere I was fall. IV. Best Teacher for me Every individual have their own meanings of a best educator. For me, a best educator can set exclusive standards for all understudies. Additionally a best instructor are decidedly ready and composed, they are in their particular study halls early and prepared to teach.But the cost significant is they can shape solid associations with their understudies and show that they care about them as an individual. 1. Mr.. Michael Tortes Bonito He was my most loved educator in my entire school life. This is on the grounds that his qualities as an educator suits to my own meanings of a best instructor. He was available to the entirety of his understudies, he is truly receptive and furthermore he is attractive 2. Mr.. Edward Albert Celeste One of the trait of him as an educator that I like was his scholarly capacity. He is extremely recognizable and prepared extra time we have a conversation and simultaneously e can clarify it very ell. . Ms. Effortlessness Jazzing She my educator in discourse and world writing this semester additionally in Modern correspondences in those days when I was in first year. I like her as a teacher since she's acceptable in instructing as well as I can imagine it the manner in which she educated us. 4. Ms. Et Rareness I incorporate him to my best educator since his method of showing catch my eye. He is exacting and he needs us to learn until the class end. 5. Mrs.. Susann Gene This educator is awesome in instructing, additional time we have a class she generally makes us giggle that is the reason our consideration center around her more. V.Worst/Unwanted Teacher For me, the characteristics of a terrible/most exceedingly terrible educator are he/she is absence of hierarchical abilit ies. Each instructor needs to stay aware of such a large number of things every day that they should be composed to carry out their Responsibilities viably. An instructor can't be a best educator in the event that he/she is absence of study hall the executives. In conclusion, he/she should go about as an expert it might be said that he/she isn't constantly missing nor late. 1. Mr.. Darlings Haploid To be straightforward, I don't care for the manner in which he deal with the class, this is on the grounds that each time that one of my colleagues commits error he is continually involving the entire class. 2. Mr.. Ian VerbOne of his trademark that I don't care for is he isn't agreeable. 3. Mr.. Frenzy He is my NSP teacher, I don't care for him since he don't examine any make a difference that covers the exercise. He is Just checking the participation and that is it. 4. Mr.. Ryan Macaulay He's agreeable at the same time, the manner in which he manage his class is exceptionally amateurish . 5. Estella Merman She is unquestionably acceptable at clarifying the exercise. Yet, I don't care for the manner in which she examine, she is Just clarifying and she don't make a recitation for us. VI. Spots I have visited Last March 8, 2014, me and my schoolmates in first year went to Enchanted nursery inAngst Vulcan for an instructive visit. There's many individuals who was stating that I was a wonderful spots that is the reason IM so energized which makes me arranged my stuffs a night prior to the visit. We are so cheerful in our ride. What's more, when we got to Enchanted Garden, I'm so flabbergast with the lovely perspectives on it. I depict it as magnificent, the spots as well as the individuals out there. They are on the whole accommodating to the guests. The breeze is exceptionally new seems as though you are in the area. I guarantee that its not just the last time that I going to visit it.

Universal Motivations in the Early Works of Saul Bellow - Literature Essay Samples

Fundamental human similarities in motivation are at the core of the works of novelist Saul Bellow. Bellow was a Chicago born Jewish author, and as such his protagonists are often of a similar demographic, young Jewish men in Chicago. Despite Bellow’s uniformity of protagonists, his minor characters fit into a much wider demographic. In The Adventures of Augie March, the bildungsroman narrative follows young Augie as he ventures from Chicago to Mexico and beyond, encountering a cast of diverse characters. In Dangling Man, the protagonist Joseph is a Canadian born man living in Chicago, having quit his job to wait for the draft and enter World War II. The novel chronicles his experiences with his wife, the members of his apartment building, and his wealthy brother, Amos. Bellow’s uniform protagonists have a similar basic experience due to their shared demographic, but their experiences and views are also shaped by the variety of characters they encounter, who represent a wide range of social, political, and economic segments. Saul Bellow uses juxtaposition between socially and economically stratified characters to expose that all people have motivations universal to humanity. In his books, Bellow often uses feelings of pride to show similarities between characters of different social or economic standings. For instance, Joseph and Amos’ disagreements and bickering show the pride they both possess, despite Amos’ obvious social and economic superiority. When Joseph visits Amos’ house, they get into an argument over Amos helping Joseph financially by giving him a â€Å"Christmas gift† of $100. Amos insists that his brother, who refuses the gift, ends his obstinacy, saying: ’Why can’t you take it? Nonsense, you can’t refuse it. I tell you, it’s a present.’ He picked up the bill impatiently. ‘Be a little more hardheaded, will you? You’re always up in the air. Do you know what I paid in income taxes alone last year? No? Well, this isn’t a drop in that bucket. I’m not depriving myself of anything to give it to you.’ †¦ ‘You are the most obstinate jackass I ’ve ever seen. You can’t stand being helped even a little, by anyone.’ (Bellow 48) Nonetheless, Joseph continues to refuse. â€Å"’But what will I do with it, Amos? I don’t need it.’† (Bellow 48). There is similar pride that both men possess, despite their juxtaposed economic differences, revealing that pride as a motivation transcends these differences. Pride again appears as a unifying factor in The Adventures of Augie March. The first occurrence of pride unifying characters in the novel is when Augie and Thea feel great pride in Caligula, their Bald Eagle, and express this pride even in more sophisticated company. In the presence of a well-respected newspaper editor, they show great pride in Caligula. At first, the successful newspaper editor is not interested in writing about their bird, and dismisses them: â€Å"Yet here, he was dressed to kill, with a new convertible and this beauty who was supposed to be an actress. And he rea lly was the editor of Wilmot’s Weekly. Of which he now said ‘We’re interested mainly in political articles.’† (Bellow 390). Despite the importance of the man in front of them, Thea and Augie’s pride for the bird leads them to advocate for it and its importance, and they do their very best to explain its importance, even to someone of a higher social status. In Robert Dutton’s â€Å"The Adventures of Augie March†, Dutton discusses Augie’s abundant pride, saying â€Å"In any case, we wonder about Augies better fate and about his enthusiasm, about his high-spoken ideals concerning mans potentialities, about his generous acceptance of all living things, and certainly about his pride of opposition.† (Dutton 56). Augie’s pride is shown once again when he turns down an offer of adoption from a wealthy family, the Renling’s, despite being relatively poor. Augie is opposed to the idea of the adoption because al though it would help him significantly both economically and socially, he believes it would suppress his individuality. He expresses that fear of suppression in the novel, saying â€Å"Seeing that I could not stay with the Renlings unless I became their adopted son, which by now I knew would suffocate me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bellow 169). This discussion of â€Å"suffocation† shows that despite Augie’s lack of wealth, he too is driven by a deep, universal, innate, human desire for individualism, and has too much pride, another universal quality, to accept their offer. Another way that Bellow uses feelings of pride to show universal motivations is by showing a fear of death and an obsession over legacy in diverse characters. While waiting to be drafted in Dangling Man, Joseph stagnates, and he reflects on what he is doing with his life. He also reflects on whether his life will have any sor ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­t of impact, and struggles with the idea of his own mortality. When he is looking through his apartment, Joseph comes upon an old picture of his grandfather, and sees himself and his own mortality in the picture. â€Å"Still later, I came to believe that (and this was no longer an impression but a dogma) that the picture was a proof of my mortality. I was upright on my grandfather’s bones and the bones of those before him in a temporary loan. But he himself, not the future past, hung over me. Through the years he would reclaim me bit by bit, till my fists withered and my eyes stared.† (Bellow 84). Here, Joseph struggles in th e realization of his own mortality and the evanescence of his life, as he sees how he is slowly withering away as a loan of the life of previous generations, and will die soon as well. Joseph’s realization is one that he is preoccupied with for the rest of the novel, and shows the universal nature of humans to fear and be preoccupied with death. In Ralph Beret’s â€Å"Repudiation and Reality: Instruction in Saul Bellow’s fiction†, Beret discusses how Joseph’s being at home while waiting for the draft allows him to dwell on the topic of his future and legacy. â€Å"The appropriateness of Josephs position is thus emphasized, for he is given the opportunity of devoting the totality of his energy to deciding the nature of his future commitment.† (Beret 1). Beret shows how Joseph’s isolation allows Bellow to show the universal human preoccupation over the future and legacy, and criticize it more clearly by creating the best possible scenar io for it to show itself. The idea of a universal human preoccupation with death is also present in The Adventures of Augie March, when Augie has a severe injury, leading him to think about and have realizations about the nature of life and death. While recovering from the accident, Augie comes very close to dying, and contemplates the brevity of life and his legacy. â€Å"Death discredits. Survival is the whole success. The voice of the dead goes away. There isn’t any memory. The power that’s established fills the earth and destiny is whatever survives, so whatever is is right.† (Bellow 556). Here Augie realizes that his only legacy is life, and he must survive and live rather than be preoccupied over death, despite him seeing it universally motivate his peers. Despite his seemingly critical viewpoint of mortal preoccupation, and his newfound revelation, Augie’s thinking about it in the first place shows that it affects Augie just as it universally affects all humans. Arguably the most important unifying factor that Saul Bellow shows to be universally motivating to humans in his novels is money. The most important instance that shows how money is universal regardless of socioeconomic class is when Augie is watching people go about their daily business in Mexico. As he observes them, he realizes how they are universally motivated by common goals despite surface diversity: Here was vast humankind that meshed or dug, or carried, picked up, held, that served, returning every day to its occupations and being honest or kidding or weeping or hypocritic or mesmeric, and money, if not the secret, was anyhow beside the secret, as the secret’s relative, or associate or representative before the peoples (Bellow 427). Augie realizes that money is both opportunity and sin at once and that all people are drawn to and affected by it, despite differences in social status, economic prosperity, or even geographic location. A second instance of money as a univ ersal motivation is when Joseph goes to have his coat fixed, and is surprised when a service that is usually complimentary is now being charged for. On the realization of the price increase, Joseph has an epiphany on the nature of money itself, and its role in society. He talks about how money motivates everyone, even those who do not have it, and prevents unity while at the same time providing it through universal pursuit, saying â€Å"Life is hard. Vae Victis! The wretched must suffer† (Bellow 81). Despite having enough money to support himself, Joseph is against the principle of sharing with those who do not, motivated by a universal desire to keep his money that motivates him as well as the wealthier, and even poorer members of society universally. The final example that displays Bellow’s use of money and economic inequality to show universal human motivations is when Augie is taken to see a prostitute by Einhorn on his 18th birthday. After the experience, Augie contemplates on what it truly meant beyond the simple sexuality of the act. â€Å"I knew it was only a transaction. But that didn’t matter†¦. Paying didn’t matter. Nor using what other people used. That’s what city life is. And so it didn’t have the luster it should have had and there wasn’t any epithalamium of gentle lovers† (Bellow 133). The prostitute lacks the luster Augie was expecting because she is a symbol for the entrapment of the city of Chicago itself. Just as the city, along with a need to have and gain money, forces Augie to resort to immoral methods of earning it, such as crime, and losing innocence, Einhorn, the book’s human personification of money, forces Augie to lose his innocence through th e prostitute. Einhorn represents the money through both his and money’s imposed loss of innocence. This loss of innocence through desire for money is shown to be universal and innate in multiple places, such as in Augie’s crime for need of money, and Einhorn’s pushing of Augie to use a prostitute. In Martin Amis’ article â€Å"A Chicago of a Novel†, Amis explains the many odd jobs that Augie is forced into in the pursuit of money, much like how he is forced into the use of a prostitute by Einhorn. Parentless and penniless: the basic human material. Penniless, Augie needs employment. If the novels of another great Chicagoan, Theodore Dreiser, sometimes feel like a long succession of job interviews, then Augie March often resembles a surrealist catalogue of apprenticeships. During the course of the novel Augie becomes (in order) a handbill distributor, a paper boy, a dime-store packer, a news vendor, a Christmas extra in a toy department, a flower de liverer, a butler, a shoe salesman, a saddle-shop floorwalker, a hawker of rubberized paint, a dog washer, a book swiper, a coal-yard helper, a housing surveyor, a union organizer, an animal trainer, a gambler, a literary researcher, a salesman of business machines, a sailor, and a middleman for a war profiteer (Amis 1). The many odd jobs that Augie works show the universal desperation for money he experiences, as well as the loss of innocence in the pursuit of money that some of the jobs cause. Another thing that Bellow uses to show universal human motivations is a universal search for identity and purpose in his characters. At the end of the Dangling Man, Joseph finally gets drafted, and finally finds a purpose for himself. In the final line of the book, when Joseph is drafted, he is happy to find new purpose within the military after living for so long as a â€Å"Dangling Man†, saying â€Å"I am in other hands, relieved of self-determination, freedom canceled. Hurray for regular hours! And for the supervision of spirit! Long live regimentation!† (Bellow 143). Joseph had been living without a purpose for the entire book, having just quit his job in the exposition. He spends the novel desperately searching for purpose and his obviously extreme and incredibly enthusiastic optimism about the regimentation of the army shows just how innate the search for a purpose was within Joseph, and just how desperate he was to find one. Augie also spends a lot of time search ing for an identity and a purpose in his life. He uses his adventures to try to find a niche in which he can find his individual purpose, without becoming solely based on the niche. Augie also talks about over-individuality, and how it can be just the same as none at all. â€Å"But I had the idea also that you don’t take so wide a stand that it makes a human life impossible, nor try to bring together irreconcilables that destroy you, but try out what of human you can live with first† (Bellow 283). Augie is discussing that while it is necessary to have a stand, and be an individual, having an extreme stand just for the shock factor, or just to have one, is non-individual in itself. In his criticism Soul Bellow, Craig Raine discusses how being around extremely diverse characters, ones who had been successful in the universal pursuit of personal identity, leads to Augie’s quest for individuality. On the other hand, there are the impracticalities of pure feeling, of idealism, which at first are embodied by brother Simon, on whom ‘Tom Browns Schooldays for many years had an influence we were not in a position to afford. Even the eagle in Mexico conforms to the pattern—by turning out, after all, to be less than one hundred per cent ruthless; `well, it was hard to take from wild nature, that there should be humanity mixed with it. Augie himself is poised between the two poles, though there is no doubt that his final destination will be in the camp of those with feelings. (Raine 32) Seeing all of these characters who have found their identity, and have been successful in their universal quest, which transcends their social and economic differences and affects them all, prompts Augie to continue the search for his own identity. Bellow also uses Antagonism and Competitive behaviors in his characters to portray that competiveness is a universal human motivation. The motivation is demonstrated in Dangling Man when Joseph faces off with his old friend in a diner. Joseph is ignored by an old acquaintance, and the neglect irritates and angers him. When his friend asks Joseph why he is getting so riled up over it, Joseph responds obstinately, saying â€Å"Because I feel like making trouble.† (Bellow 19). Joseph is unable to fully explain why he is so angry because what he is experiencing is innate to humanity, and cannot be adequately put into words. He further justifies his anger by suggesting that the person who he is feuding with has violated his personal human rights. â€Å"I’ll tell you what’s involved. I have a right to be spoken to. It’s the most elementary thing in the world. Simply that. I insist on it.† (Bellow 20). Joseph’s personal defense is further evidence o f the innate nature of the competitiveness he feels. The universal motivations of antagonism and competition are also seen in Joseph fighting with Amos’ daughter. While visiting Amos’ house, Joseph feuds with his more successful brother’s daughter. Amos’ daughter, who was raised in wealth and has been accustomed to it her whole life, dislikes the poorer Joseph, and they fight. â€Å"In spite of our antagonism I had until lately tried to influence the girl, sending her books and, on her birthday, record albums† (Bellow 41). Their differences, in age, gender, social status, and life experience show that the feeling of competition they are experiencing is a truly universal human motivation. The final universal human motivation that Saul Bellow shows in his works is Love. Love unites many of Bellow’s characters, both platonically and romantically. One of the clearest examples of the former is Augie’s relationship with the wealthy Einhorn. Despite his extreme wealth, Einhorn needs Augie to keep him company. Augie works for Einhorn, but also develops a special bond with him, and is his companion throughout the years. â€Å"But it was my only one function of hundreds, some even more menial, more personal, others calling for cleverness and training, secretary, deputy, agent, companion.† (Bellow 124). Bellow shows that Einhorn, the very personification of the upper class and money, needs companionship and love, and that they are universal motivations in humanity. Another instance of love unifying diverse characters is in Augie and Thea’s relationship. Their love for each other despite different socioeconomic backgrounds demonstrates love’s u niversality. Thea grew up in a much â€Å"better† family in terms of socioeconomic status, yet they still are deeply in love with one another regardless of these differences. â€Å"She assumed she understood everything about me, and it was astonishing how much she did know; the remainder she made up with confidence and trusted to closed eyes and fast strokes.† (Bellow 345). Their love is shown to be not greatly inhibited by their socioeconomic differences, and they are still able to understand each other as human beings, since love is a universal motivation of humanity. In Martin Amis’ â€Å"A Chicago of a Novel,† Amis discusses how Thea is very different from other characters in the novel. â€Å"Thea is both lover and mentor, perhaps an untenable combination. Augie has grown used to eccentrics by now, as has the reader; but Thea, a wealthy and resolute young woman, is eccentric simply because she wants to benot forced into a weird shape by heredity or p ersonal history or blind circumstance.† (Amis 120). Despite difference in their characters, because of the universality of their motivations towards love, Augie and Thea are able to form a close bond with one another. Throughout his works, Bellow depicts the the universal motivations that affect all of humanity; in fact, Bellow demonstrates the true continuity in the human experience despite surface inequalities or diversity. His characters are creatures of an earlier era of history, and yet we are able to sympathize with them nonetheless because of Bellow’s use and display of these motivations. Despite homogeneity in his protagonist choice, however, his extremely diverse cast of side characters provides the perfect contrast, and in their juxtaposition reveal a deeper similarity. In â€Å"Soul Bellow†, Craig Raine discusses how Bellow does not use outlandish situations, but his own, human experiences to show the motivations that lie within us all: Bellow is not one of those purely imaginative writers like Golding or Ian McEwan who invent copiously and logically from first premises. You cannot imagine him wondering what it is like to be an ape married to a young woman writer who is ha ving trouble with her second novel after the success of the first. Or wondering what might transpire if a group of boys was placed on an island without adult supervision. Bellow uses experience, his own life (Raine 1). Bellow also uses revelations of inner similarity to show that, despite the need for individuality and pride and love and many other things in society, we share a common experience because we all need those things, and diversity comes solely from how we choose to acquire and retain them. Bellow’s message is that although we are different, and we may argue and disagree, that is simply part of our human nature. He argues that we should strive to understand that even the most opposite goals are often motivated by similar motives, many of which are innate to humanity itself. Works Cited Bellow, Saul. The Adventures of Augie March: A Novel. New York: Viking, 1953. Print. Bellow, Saul. Dangling Man. New York: Vanguard, 1944. Print. Raine, Craig. Soul Bellow. London Review of Books 9.20 (12 Nov. 1987): 3. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 63. Gale, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. Amis, Martin. A Chicago of a Novel. Atlantic Monthly 276.4 (Oct. 1995): 114-127. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 190. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Contemporary Literary Criticism Online. Web. 17 Apr. 2016 Berets, Ralph. Repudiation and Reality Instruction in Saul Bellows Fiction. The Centennial Review 20.1 (Winter 1976): 75-101. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Sharon R. Gunton and Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 15. Gale, 1980. Contemporary Literary Criticism Online. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. Dutton, Robert R. The Adventures of Augie March. Saul Bellow. Boston, Mass.: Twayne Publishers, 1982. 42-74. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 190. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center. Web. 17 Apr. 2016.

Female Political Participation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3205 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Research paper Tags: Political Essay Women Essay Did you like this example? The right to participate in the political life and the right to vote and stand for election are essential citizenship rights.[1] However, the lack of equal representation of historically excluded groups was not until recently considered a shortcoming of democracy itself.[2] The male domination in politics was not either considered a violation of womens citizenship rights as long as women had the right to vote.[3] Today however, a male-dominated political structure has lost its democratic legitimacy and gender balance is required not just more women in politics.[4] A large number of countries are still far behind; 72 countries currently have less than 15 per cent women in their parliaments.[5] Countries that have the highest numbers of womens representation in parliaments, with Rwanda at the top of the list with 64 per cent women in its parliament, are spread all over the world and have various levels of economic development or democratic liberties.[6] As of Oct ober 2013, the Nordic countries had the highest regional average of womens representation in parliaments with 42 per cent women in their parliaments.[7] The Americas, Europe (excluding the Nordic countries) and Sub-Saharan Africa were next with 24.8, 22.8 and 21.1 per cent respectively.[8] Asia (19.1 per cent), the Arab states (17.8 per cent) and the Pacific (13.1 per cent) were at the bottom.[9] These figures seem to be the result of a number of factors which continue to hamper womens involvement in politics.[10] Patriarchy as a system based on male domination shapes womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relationship with politics.[11] It divides gender into men and women and establishes a hierarchy of gender relations making men privileged.[12] The gender role culture of patriarchal societies is used as a tool to place women within the private sphere as mothers and wives, and place men in the public sphere.[13] Although the gender role culture is not static rather remains in a continuous ch ange while intersecting with economic, social and political systems of a particular society, women continue to be assigned to the private sphere across countries, and consequently, they have been excluded from politics.[14] The responsibility of women as mothers and wives as well as their domestic duties complicate and obstruct their involvement and participation in the public sphere.[15] In addition, the political arena is organized according to male norms, values and lifestyles.[16] It is based on the idea of competition and confrontation, and often ignores systematic collaboration and consensus.[17] Women often reject this type of male-style politics, and may even reject politics altogether for this reason.[18] The first is that women mobilize for quotas in order to increase their political representation.[19] The women involved in quota campaigns vary remarkably and may include womens organizations inside political parties, womens movements in civil society, womens movements in other countries and sometimes even individual women who are close to influential men.[20] The second explanation is that political elites adopt quotas for strategic reasons often related to competition with other parties.[21] Various case studies suggest that party elites adopt quotas when one of their rivals adopts them.[22] In other contexts, elites may view quotas as a means to demonstrate their commitment to womens rights without a real intention to change existing patterns of inequality, or as a means to achieve other political purposes.[23] The third explanation is that quotas are adopted when they tangles with existing or emerging notions of equality and representation.[24] Some scholars view the adoption of gender quota policies as consistent with ideas of equality and fair access.[25] They indicate that left-wing parties are more open to gender quotas because they match with their goals of social equality.[26] It is also noticed that quotas often emerge during periods of democratic modernization, as they may be seen by countries as a way to establish legitimacy of new political systems during democratic transition or the establishment of new democratic structures.[27] The fourth explanation is that quotas are supported by international norms and spread through transnational sharing.[28] Since 1995, several international organizations have issued declarations recommending all member-states to make efforts to increase womens representation in political bodies.[29] Gender quotas have proved to be the most effective tool for increasing womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s representation in elected bodies of government.[30] Other scholars distinguish between different types of electoral gender quotas on the basis on two dimensions. First, there are differences in quotas depending on where they are mandated.[31] Legal quotas are mandated in the constitution and/or electoral law and are, therefore, binding for all political parties, while voluntary party quotas are mandated in the party statutes or programs and are adopted by individual parties for their own electoral lists.[32] Second, differences in quotas depend on the stage of the electoral process they target, whether the pool of aspirants who intend to stand for election, or the candidates who are nominated to represent the party.[33] Whereas the classic liberal notion of equality stressed equal opportunity or competitive equality, quotas represent a shift towards equality of results.[34] Under the concept of equal opportunity, removing formal barriers for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political participation, such as providing women with voting rights, was considered sufficient, and it was for individual women to act.[35] However, it is argued that equal opportunity removes formal barriers, whereas direct discrimination and a complex pattern of hidden barriers continue to prevent women from having a fair share of political power.[36] Quotas and other measures aiming at increasing wom enà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political participation are thus regarded as means towards equality of result.[37] Equality as a goal cannot be achieved by formal equal treatment only.[38] If barriers exist, compensatory measures are required as a means to reach equality of result.[39] From this perspective, quotas are regarded as a compensation for various barriers that women confront in the electoral process.[40] The incremental track and the fast track do not only represent two different accounts of the actual pace of historical development in womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political representation, but they can also be seen as two different types of equality policies.[41] Whereas the incremental track promotes formal equality based on the principle of gender equality as equal opportunity, the fast track promotes substantive equality based on the principle of gender equality as equality of results.[42] The two tracks involve two models, which are based on different identifications of the prob lems that diagnose womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s underrepresentation, different goals in terms of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political representation and, consequently, different political strategies to make changes.[43] The two models are also based on two different perceptions of historical development.[44] In conclusion, both the incremental track and the fast track have their advantages and their problems.[45] The fast track, in which womens political representation is increased form above, often turns women into tokens unless this process is followed by massive capacity-building, critique and support for the many elected women by womens organizations.[46] The incremental track to increase womens representation usually ensure that elected women have some power base outside parliament, but women worldwide can no longer wait for such a long time.[47] Immediate gender-balanced political representation is demanded by womens movements all over the world and therefore, it is argued tha t the incremental track cannot any longer be considered the best model for womens political empowerment around the world.[48] . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Female Political Participation" essay for you Create order 4.3. Top-down Empowerment versus Bottom-up Empowerment Although there are many different routes to quotas, two distinct types of quota introduction can be identified, which might have different consequences for womens empowerment.[49] In some countries, like the Scandinavian ones, quotas were introduced after a history of gradual integration of women into public life.[50]This gradualism might be labeled as action à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"from belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[51] In other countries, like South Asian countries, quotas were introduced from above.[52] As a case, the Latin American cluster should be placed between these two extremes.[53] The growing research on the South Asian countries points to the importance of extensive capacity building and support of the new elected women, who by the nature of empowerment from above have very few resources of their own. Other actors may also play direct or indirect roles in enforcing gender quotas. These include womens organizations inside and outside parties, which pressurize elites to comply with quota provisions, provide the elites and voters with information on quota regulations and train female candidates to negotiate better positions on the candidate lists.[54] Scholars argue that efforts to nominate more women never occur without the prior mobilization of women, even when male elites have the ultimate responsibility for the decision to adopt quotas.[55] Other actors include also national courts which provide an arena to challenge non-compliance with the law with regards to parties candidate lists.[56] At the same time, some womens groups do not support quotas and actively seek to undermine their implementation, although in some cases this is attributed to their aspiration to gain more radical measures, such as alternative policies providing for higher levels of womens representation.[57] Additionally, some judges may dismiss allegations of non-compliance and issue negative decisions concerning the applicability of quota laws.[58] Rejection of lists has proved to b e a very effective measure provided that the electoral management body in the country has the legal competence to reject the lists that break with the quota regulations with regard to the number or share of women, and effectively uses this power.[59] When the electoral authorities clearly warn political parties that their lists will be rejected and therefore will not be able to participate in the election if the required number or share of women in the required rank-order on the list is not obtained, the effect has proved to be strong.[60] Grassroots mobilization should not be seen as an alternative to formal political institutions as was the case some decades ago.[61] Rather, the present point of view around the world is that even if there is a risk that womens political representation remains symbolic, the increased womens political participation through gender quotas constitutes an opportunity for women.[62] However, strong womens movements in the civil society remain very imp ortant if the increased political representation of women is to result in policy changes in favor of women.[63] The literature on women and politics suggests two major perspectives on political participation, namely the descriptive and substantive perspectives.[64] 6.1. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation, sometimes called mirror representation, refers to the shares of women and minorities in elected political bodies.[65] Financial Penalties and Incentives A number of countries penalize non-compliance financially. In Portugal for instance, a candidate list that does not comply with the quota regulations will be made public and will be punished with a fine, which is calculated according to the level of non-compliance.[66] In Ireland, an amendment to the electoral law stipulates that political parties in the coming national elections after the amendment enters into force will lose 50 per cent of their state funding if their candidate lists do not include at 30 per cent of each gender.[67] After a period of 7 years, the political parties should have a forty per cent gender quota in their candidate lists in order to receive full state funding.[68] Sanctions for non-compliance by parties with the required numbers or shares of women in their candidate lists have proved to be important.[69] The crucial question is which sanctions are applied and who has the responsibility for controlling parties compliance with the quota regulations.[70] However, some parties comply with quota laws and put women on the ballot in electable positions, even when sanctions are weak or even non-existent.[71] Such compliance may result from parties adopting voluntary quotas that are stricter than the national quota law, extensive lobbying by womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s groups in the country, a desire to increase political legitimacy, or a strategic calculation on the part of parties to gain womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s votes.[72] Indeed, some case study evidence supports this hypothesis of voluntary compliance.[73] There are three major types of sanctions for non-compliance: Rejection of lists has proved to be a very effective measure provided that the electoral management body in the country has the legal competence to reject the lists that break with the quota regulations with regard to the number or share of women, and effectively uses this power.[74] When the electoral authorities clearly warn political parties that their lists will b e rejected and therefore will not be able to participate in the election if the required number or share of women in the required rank-order on the list is not obtained, the effect has proved to be strong.[75] The numerical presence of women presumes that elected women will produce political perspectives and issues that are poorly represented.[76] Thus, the presumption that elected women would act on behalf of other women or represent their interests constitutes an essential element of arguments in favor of the equal representation of women and men in political bodies.[77] The majority of existing studies on women and politics primarily address the descriptive or numerical representation of women in politics.[78] 6.2. Substantive Representation In recent years, a number of studies on women and politics have begun to address substantive representation of women in politics.[79] It is defined as that dimension of representation where the representative is activing for those represented, and more specifically in a manner responsive to them.[80] A number of countries penalize non-compliance financially. In Portugal for instance, a candidate list that does not comply with the quota regulations will be made public and will be punished with a fine, which is calculated according to the level of non-compliance.[81] In Ireland, an amendment to the electoral law stipulates that political parties in the coming national elections after the amendment enters into force will lose 50 per cent of their state funding if their candidate lists do not include at 30 per cent of each gender.[82] After a period of 7 years, the political parties should have a forty per cent gender quota in their candidate lists in order to receive full state fun ding.[83] However, financial sanctions have proven less effective in some cases, especially in the case of rich political parties, as the case was in the national election in France for example.[84] Some countries have recently adopted a new system of financial incentives.[85] In Georgia for instance, where a quota bill has repeatedly been turned down, a 2011 provision in the law of political parties stipulates that nominating parties which include at least 20 per cent candidates of a different gender in the group of every 10 candidates will receive a 10 per cent supplementary funding from the state budget.[86] However, in order for incentives for including women to be have impact on the behaviors of parties, they should not be based on the number of women on the candidate list but on the percentage of women within a party who actually win seats.[87] Legal sanctions for non-compliance are only enforced in countries where quotas are introduced by law.[88] In the case of legisla ted quota regulations, legal sanctions can be much stronger if adopted in the electoral law and thus be binding for all political parties which participate in the election.[89] Without efforts to remove socio-cultural, political and economic structural barriers at the national and international levels, achieving gender equality or womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equal political participation will remain impossible to attain.[90] An important element in the enabling environment is related to the nature of democracy and the level of democratization in society.[91] The participative and decentralized form of governance creates a greater space for citizens, including women, to participate in governance processes and structures.[92] It further creates a space for greater interaction between the state and the society.[93] Access to education, health and employment is directly linked with womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to create space for themselves in politics and development.[94] Additi onally, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consciousness of their political rights is an important element for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s individual and collective agency.[95] A strong womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s movement and civil society is another condition for a enabling environment that can influence the direction of politics and development in favor of women.[96] Moreover, the triple roles of women in productive, reproductive and community management spheres should guide the efforts for creating a supportive environment for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political participation.[97] Provision of childcare and care work is vital to enabling women to participate in politics.[98] [1] Kazuki Iwanaga, Womens Political Participation and Representation in Asia (NIAS Press 2008) 306. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Drude Dahlerup and others, Atlas of Electoral Gender Quotas (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2013) 15. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid. [10] Maria De Paola, Vincenzo Scoppa and Rosetta Lombardo, Can Gender Quotas Break down Negative Stereotypes? Evidence from Changes in Electoral Rules (2010) 94 Journal of Public Economics, 344. [11] Farzana Bari, Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Political Participation: Issues and Challenges, Expert Group Meeting, Enhancing Participation of Women in Development through an Enabling Environment for Achieving Gender Equality and the Advancement of Women (United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women 2005) 4. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid 5. [15] Ibid. [16] Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Women Political Representation: Handbook on Increasing Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Political Participation in Georgia (2014) 10. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Joyce Gelb and Marian Lief Palley, Women and Politics around the World (ABC-CLIO 2009)90. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24] Ibid. [25] Ibid 100. [26] Ibid. [27] Ibid. [28] Ibid. [29] Ibid. [30] Drude Dahlerup and others, Atlas of Electoral Gender Quotas (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2013) 16. [31] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, Judging Gender Quotas: Predictions and Results (2010) 38 Policy Politics, 408. [32] Ibid. [33] Ibid. [34] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, Quotas as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fast Trackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ To Equal Representation for Women (2005) 7 International Feminist Journal of Politics, 29. [35] Ibid. [36] Ibid. [37] Ibid. [38] Ibid 29-30. [39] Ibid 30. [40] Ibid. [41] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, E lectoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe (European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies 2008) 21. [42] Ibid. [43] Ibid. [44] Ibid. [45] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, Quotas as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fast Trackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to Equal Representation for Women (2005) 7 International Feminist Journal of Politics, 46. [46] Ibid. [47] Ibid. [48] Ibid. [49] Ibid 45. [50] Ibid. [51] Ibid. [52] Ibid. [53] Ibid. [54] Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics (Oxford University Press 2009) 41-42. [55] Ibid 21. [56] Ibid 42. [57] Ibid. [58] Ibid. [59] Drude Dahlerup, Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Update 2013 (European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policy 2013) 17. [60] Ibid. [61] Kazuki Iwanaga, Womens Political Participation and Representation in Asia (NIAS Press 2008) 306. [62] Ibid. [63] Ibid. [64] Ibid 3. [65] Susan F ranceschet, Mona Lena Krook and Jennifer M Piscopo, The Impact of Gender Quotas (Oxford University Press 2012) 25. [66] Ibid. [67] Ibid. [68] Ibid. [69] Ibid 40. [70] Drude Dahlerup, Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Update 2013 (European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policy 2013)17. [71] Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer, Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws on the Election of Women (2009) 34 Legislative Studies Quarterly, 21. [72] Ibid. [73] Ibid. [74] Drude Dahlerup, Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Update 2013 (European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policy 2013) 17. [75] Ibid. [76] Ibid 5. [77] Ibid. [78] Ibid 3. [79] Ibid 4. [80] Emanuela Lombardo and Petra Meier, The Symbolic Representation of Gender (Ashgate Publishing Limited 2014) 139. [81] Ibid. [82] Ibid. [83] Ibid. [84] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, Judgi ng Gender Quotas: Predictions and Results (2010) 38 Policy Politics, 412-413. [85] Drude Dahlerup, Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Update 2013 (European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policy 2013) 18. [86] Ibid. [87] Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Women Political Representation: Handbook on Increasing Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Political Participation in Georgia (2014) 19. [88] Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall, Judging Gender Quotas: Predictions and Results (2010) 38 Policy Politics, 413. [89] Drude Dahlerup, Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Update 2013 (European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policy 2013) 17. [90] Farzana Bari, Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Political Participation: Issues and Challenges, Expert Group Meeting, Enhancing Participation of Women in Development through an Enabling Environment for Achieving Gender Equality and the Advancement of Women (United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women 2005) 10. [91] Ibid. [92] Ibid. [93] Ibid. [94] Ibid. [95] Ibid. [96] Ibid. [97] Ibid. [98] Ibid 10-11.

Love And Honor Through The Ages. Love Can Do Crazy Things

Love and Honor Through the Ages Love can do crazy things to many individuals; making them crazy or mad, dying from a possible broken heart, or even killing themselves or someone else. During the Middle Ages, love was termed as chivalry or noble love, and then romantic love in the Nineteenth Century of Romanticism. I will discover and show how it changed during the periods of literature with the materials we have studied in this class. Let’s start at the beginning---it’s a very good place to start. Courtly love and chivalry were depicted in The Knights Tale by Chaucer. Two knightly brothers, Palamon and Arcite, fall in love with the same woman. According to the rules of chivalry, they are willing to protect one another at all†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have here, with my cousin Palamon, / Had strife and rancor many a day that’s gone, / For love of you and for my jealousy, / May Jove so surely guide my soul for me, / To speak about a lover with properly, / With all the circumstances, faithfully, / That is to say truth, honour, and knighthood, / Wisdom humility and kinship good, / And generous soul and all the lover’s art / So now may Jove have in my soul his part / As in this world, right now, I know of none / So worthy to be loved as Palamon / Who serves you and will do so all his life / And if you ever should become a wife, / Forget not Palamon, the noble man† (Chaucer 1925-1939). First and foremost, a knight was expected to act honorably in his presentation in battles and in his treatment of women. Common with the times in which this and the next story were written, the Middle Ages was the expression of chivalry. Depicted within these stories, the â€Å"unwavering valor in the face of danger, loyalty to one’s leader and companions, and an intense concern for personal honor† (Lawall 1145) are shown multiple times over. Consequently, throughout the story, Arcite and Palamon faltered in their knightly code, much like the knights in the next story, Malory’s The Knight of the Cart. Here we find Lancelot and Meliagrance in love with Queen Guenever. Meliagrance deceitfully captures Guenever showing hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights And Frankenstein 789 Words   |  4 PagesMakaylah McCurry English 4 Honors Mr. Tindal March 4, 2015 Two Stories, One Hunger: Revenge. In both Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, suffering and love cause horrific events to occur. By observing the personality, life, and actions of the Creature and Heathcliff, there is a revealing of a great similarity. 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Accommodation Report On Australian Cities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theAccommodation Report On Australian Cities. Answer: INTRODUCTION This survey report is focused on giving information after an analysis about rent in different parts of Australia. This information is helpful to international travellers and more so international students who seek education in various cities in Australia. It forms a basis of decision making when it comes to choosing the type of accommodation that is suitable for any particular individual. This research depended entirely on secondary data as it did not collect its own information. The data was sourced from department of finance services and innovation of Australia. The data had both numerical variables and nominal variables. Some of the numerical variables were bond amount in dollars and weekly rent in dollars. The sample obtained for this report was not biased but large enough to representative the entire population. The sample size was 400. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTSWEEKLYRENT Descriptive summary of students weekly rent descriptive statistics for weekly rent Mean 18197.98992 Standard Error 17785.78627 Median 395 Mode 0 Standard Deviation 354379.2809 Sample Variance 1.25585E+11 Kurtosis 396.9994654 Skewness 19.92483878 Range 7061367 Minimum 0 Maximum 7061367 Sum 7224602 Count 397 Table 1 As can be observed from the table above, the mean weekly rent in dollars is 18197.99. The maximum rent charged weekly in dollars is 7,061,367 Distribution The data set is skewed to the right so much. This is because it has a skewness value of 19.92. It can also be seen that the distribution is highly kurtic. This means that it has a very sharp apex on its curve. This could be due to having very extreme high values like outliers which then affect the measures of central tendencies of the data such as mean, mode and median. To check for the presence of outliers, a scatter plot of the data was generated and is as below. Figure 1 As can be observed from figure 1 above, there is an extremely large value in the data set. This value is 7,061,367 dollars. This value makes the measures of central tendencies such as the mean not to depict the real picture of the data since they are adversely affected by this extreme value. Therefore the mean rent could be much lower than what is given in the descriptive table. To get the real mean rent that can be used as a basis of making decision for students who want accommodation, then this extreme value is omitted. Rental dwelling type Summary table and graph for rental dwelling type Row Labels Count of Premises wellingType 1 F 123 H 132 NULL 106 O 7 T 31 Grand Total 400 Table 2 The table above shows the number of different types of accommodation spread in Australia cities. It can be observed that most of them are houses (H). They are 132 in number followed by flats (F) which are 123 out of 400. The least number of residential were of type T which was 31 in number. These numbers could be informed by the interest by the demand of those types of residential. Figure 2 The graph above is a pictorial view of the distribution of various residential in Australia. It is just to complement the table above. Hypothesis for proportion of house dwelling type. Hypothesis H0: The proportion of house dwelling type is less than 10%. Versus H1: The proportion of house dwelling type is not less than 10%. From the established proportion above, it can be seen that the proportion of house dwelling type is 33%. We are therefore guided to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that the proportion of house dwelling type is not less than 10%. Relationship between dwelling place and suburb Count of Premises_Suburb Column Labels Row Labels AUBURN PARRAMATTA RANDWICK SIDNEY Grand Total 1 1 F 33 12 34 44 123 H 32 18 35 47 132 NULL 28 20 21 37 106 O 1 2 2 2 7 T 12 3 8 8 31 Grand Total 107 55 100 138 400 Table 3 Figure 3 The table and graph above show the distribution of various types of houses spread in various cities in Australia. It can be observed that most of them were found to be in the city of Sidney (138). This is followed by the number of residential in Auburn. The city that had the least number of accommodations was Parramatta. This could be due to the fact that the houses were expensive though further research is needed to establish the same. Suggestions I would suggest to anyone who want to rent a house instead of a flat to rent in the city of Sidney. This is because there are more houses there compared to the other cities. This could be explained by reasons such as presence of cheap houses and security. 2-bedroom rent analysis Average weekly rent for 2-bedrooms across the suburbs SUBURB AVERAGE WEEKLY RENT AUBURN $365 PARRAMATTA $410 RANDWICK $370 SIDNEY $362 Table 4 Graphical representation of average weekly rent in the four suburbs Figure 4 The table and graph above show the average weekly rent for various accommodation across the cities in Australia. It can be observed that the highest mean accommodation was being charged in Parramata (410 dollars) while the least was being charged in Auburn (365 dollars). Hypothesis test for difference in weekly rent for 2-bedrooms across the four suburbs Since the variables are more than two, an ANOVA test is employed instead of t-test to test for the difference in the means. Hypothesis H0: There is no difference in weekly rent for 2-bedrooms in the 4 suburbs Versus H1: There is a significant difference in the weekly rent for 2-bedrooms in the 4 suburbs At 5% level of significance Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance AUBURN 31 11325 365.3226 31671.56 PARRAMATTA 16 6560 410 16856.67 RANDWICK 30 11090 369.6667 24165.4 SIDNEY 46 16655 362.0652 13228.42 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 29060.68 3 9686.894 0.461267 0.70986 2.680811 Within Groups 2499072 119 21000.61 Total 2528133 122 Table 5 From the analysis of variance results in the table above, it can be observed that the p-value (.71) is greater than the confidence level. We are guided therefore to reject the alternative and accept the null hypothesis. The conclusion is that there is no significant difference in weekly rent for the 2-bedroom houses across the 4 suburbs. Suggestion on renting in the 4 suburbs Any new student can be advised to rent accommodation in the city of Sidney since it appears cheaper there compared to the rates in the other three cities. This is confirmed by the averages calculated in table 4. Relationship and correlation weekly rent and bond amount Test for relationship between weekly rent and bond amount. Figure 4 Test for correlation between bond amount and weekly rent Bond Amount Premises Weekly Rent Bond Amount 1 Premises Weekly Rent 0.05942873 1 Table 6 The correlation test above between bond amount and weekly rent shows that there is insignificant relationship between the two variables. This is explained by the correlation coefficient which is .06. This could mean that the two variables are independent of each other. Conclusion From the analyses above, it can be concluded that weekly accommodation rates are almost the same in all the four cities in Australia. This is so since there was no wide variance among them. An analysis of variance performed on the rates of 2-bedrooms also suggested that there is no significant difference in the rates of the same 2-bedrooms across the four cities in Australia. The research has also informed that bond amounts and weekly rents do not affect each other and that they are independent.